Which rnas are needed for translation

During translation, an mRNA sequence is read using the genetic code, which is a set of rules that defines how an mRNA sequence is to be translated into the letter code of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The genetic code is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons, each of which corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal.

Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins. The ribosome has a small and a large subunit and is a complex molecule composed of several ribosomal RNA molecules and a number of proteins. Translation of an mRNA molecule by the ribosome occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.

At least one type of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase exists for each of the 20 amino acids. Did you have an idea for improving this content? Improve this page Learn More. Skip to main content. Search for:. Requirements for Translation Learning Outcomes Describe the components needed for translation. Click through the steps of this PBS interactive to see protein synthesis in action.

Author Profile. Show caption. Translation is the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 48 , — Crick, F. On protein synthesis. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 12 , — Flinta, C.

Sequence determinants of N-terminal protein processing. European Journal of Biochemistry , — Grunberger, D. Codon recognition by enzymatically mischarged valine transfer ribonucleic acid. Science , — doi Kozak, M. Point mutations close to the AUG initiator codon affect the efficiency of translation of rat preproinsulin in vivo. Nature , — doi Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes.

Cell 44 , — An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research 15 , — Shine, J. Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes. Nature , 34—38 doi Restriction Enzymes. Genetic Mutation. Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes. Transposons: The Jumping Genes.

DNA Transcription. What is a Gene? Colinearity and Transcription Units. Copy Number Variation. Copy Number Variation and Genetic Disease. Copy Number Variation and Human Disease. Tandem Repeats and Morphological Variation. Chemical Structure of RNA. Eukaryotic Genome Complexity. RNA Functions. Citation: Clancy, S. Nature Education 1 1 How does the cell convert DNA into working proteins? The process of translation can be seen as the decoding of instructions for making proteins, involving mRNA in transcription as well as tRNA.

Aa Aa Aa. Figure Detail. Where Translation Occurs.