What is the difference between 2017 and 2018 nexus 7

The Karak municipality case study 4 demonstrates the socio-economic benefits for the local population and businesses of an integrated approach. In Morocco the government plans subsidy schemes for solar powered irrigation systems, which take into account farm size, beneficiaries and other socio-economic criteria for eligibility of these subsidies. The development of this targeted subsidy scheme is informed by the results of case study 2.

Case study 1 also shows that new technologies can only be successfully introduced and their potential side-effects here: rebound effects can only be controlled in an effective policy and regulatory environment. Water security and poverty alleviation depend on enforcement and compliance of cross-sectoral and multi-level governance measures which may be difficult to implement in the rural context of case study 1 in which currently hundreds of legal and illegal wells are active and where sometimes water use is regulated by customary laws.

If basic elements of a sustainability transition are lacking, such as feed-in tariffs for decentrally produced electricity, as in Lebanon case study 4 , nexus approaches are bound to fail.

Case study 2 solar pumping for irrigation also shows the need for aligning technological, regulative and governmental considerations, emphasizing the need for integrated adaptive planning, policy making and implementation.

Stakeholders engaged in case study 2 identified the following requirements: firstly the proper dimensions of the technology systems design must be determined in line with the safe yield of the aquifer, this needs to be verified by independent governmental bodies, and these technologies need to be implemented by authorized suppliers providing good quality equipment with traceability and maintenance service.

Secondly, the conditionalities of subsidies must be carefully designed and if needed adapted over time and recipients have to be trained for the new technology. Governance should—by way of management contracts between farmers and government—specify e. Good governance and law enforcement require monitoring including the metering of water use. However, in most of the presented case studies there is little evidence of a monitoring and learning system in place.

This means important experience and knowledge on nexus opportunities, but also on potential negative impacts and risks may get lost. We further did not find evidence of feedback loops between local on-the-ground-experience and the respective policies and funding schemes. In case study 1 drip irrigation , monitoring of success is limited to the local level but does not address the overall outcomes at national level.

One positive exception in terms of monitoring and evaluation is the case of solar pumping for irrigation in Morocco case study 2 , where multi-loop social learning is practiced, and local experience is used to inform decision makers when tailoring the planned solar irrigation subsidy.

In general, monitoring may be challenged by specific local contexts, e. Particularly important in the MENA context is a monitoring of water-related impacts and outcomes at the basin level and the use of that knowledge for adaptive management and policy making. While monitoring of the impacts of wastewater reuse as in case studies 4 and 5 generally provides a clear picture of positive impacts across sectors and scales, specific challenges exist with regards to effective monitoring and regulation of abstractions related to solar pumping case study 2.

Smart meters might be one option, but many of the wells are illegal and fitting such smart meters would be politically and practically difficult. However, the initial monitoring and evaluation in some of the case studies, already indicates the potential for synergies across sectors and resources, and the potential contribution of integrated approaches to local, national and regional sustainability goals see Figures 1 , 2.

This initial evidence from the case studies underlines the importance of systems for monitoring and evaluation see also Bhaduri et al. Nair and Howlett further highlight monitoring and evaluation as key factors for enabling transfer and up-scaling.

As the local effects, e. Most of the presented case studies take a bottom-up approach, which starts from small-scale solutions e. These solutions operate at the scale of individual farms or communities e. However, while in principle these bottom up cases have high potential for transfer and up-scaling, only one—case study 2: solar powered irrigation—has already gone to larger scale. Moreover, farmers—in particular small farmers—experience administrative barriers e.

Westermann et al. Up-scaling depends further on knowledge transfer and skills development FAO, Stakeholders involved in case study 2 noted that economic viability can have a remarkable impact on knowledge transfer and uptake: pioneer farmers financed and successfully operated solar irrigation systems on their own. Their experiences and demonstrations created a demand by other farmers. This cumulated demand called for action by the government to support the investment into solar powered irrigation, including targeted subsidies.

Seeing a system working on neighboring farms thus remains very convincing, highlighting the need for demo projects, study tours and other forms of knowledge transfer for farmers, extension officers and policy makers.

The international network of solar powered irrigation projects also promotes knowledge transfer across countries and regions. The Karak municipality case study 4 is a good example where these forms of knowledge transfer are facilitated at the local level.

Integrated solutions and lessons learned are showcased to farmers, entrepreneurs and policy makers by actively facilitating visits and study tours. We can also draw important lessons from case study 1 drip irrigation in Morocco. The Government of Morocco has been encouraging drip irrigation for several decades, with focused investments in specific irrigation schemes as well as general policies subsidizing and incentivizing the adoption of drip irrigation.

This has helped to improve the resilience of Morocco's agricultural sector against drought Sadiki, However, the top-down approach by the government to save water and energy and the bottom up approach by farmers searching for profit are not well aligned, and hence farmers don't always use the technology efficiently or in the way anticipated by the policymakers. As a consequence aquifer levels continue to fall in some areas and energy subsidy bills increase.

Such an approach is urgently needed, given the enormous pressures the MENA region is faced with. However, as we show in this paper, technological improvements need to be embedded in appropriate framework conditions, including appropriate policies, regulation, and monitoring mechanisms. Only then can the benefits of the nexus approach materialize, without causing negative environmental or socio-economic side effects in other sectors or at other scales. Also there is a need for capacity building and sharing of experience from initial implementations with a wide range of actors from different sectors and scales.

The case studies presented and synthesized here provide for the first time consolidated evidence for the MENA region from a set of integrated projects and implementations on the ground. While there is no quantification of the benefits and added value of a nexus approach yet, the evidence from the case studies can already be used by policy makers for better coordination across sectors and improvements in terms of horizontal and vertical policy coherence.

Such changes toward more integrated governance can incentivize further nexus implementations and investments and upscaling of solutions beyond pilot scale, which in turn would further strengthen the nexus evidence and knowledge base.

Continued dialogue and feedback loops between implementers of the nexus approach on the ground, policy makers, and the general public are the way forward to make the nexus a key approach for contributing to the integrated implementation of the SDGs and other sustainability goals. We recommend to further populate the basic framework developed here with additional evidence from more case studies within and beyond the MENA region, in order to develop a solid and generalizable evidence base for successful nexus implementation.

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Al-Bakri, J. Available online at: www. Albrecht, T. The water-energy-food nexus. A systematic review of methods for nexus assessment. Allan, T. The water-food-energy nexus: an introduction to nexus concepts and some conceptual and operational problems. Water Res. Al-Saidi, M. Towards understanding the integrative approach of the water, energy and food nexus. Total Environ. Bazilian, M. Considering the energy, water and food nexus. Towards an integrated modelling approach.

Energy Policy 39, — Bhaduri, A. Sustainability in the water-energy-food nexus. Water Int. Biggs, E. Sustainable development and the water—energy—food nexus: a perspective on livelihoods. Policy 54, — Bird, J. Water-Food-Energy Nexus. Water for Food Faculty Publications 4. Bizikova, L. Google Scholar. Brandi, C. Endo, A. A review of the current state of research on the water, energy, and food nexus. FAO Flammini, A. Font Vivanco, D. Roadmap to rebound: how to adress rebound effects from resource efficiency policy.

Sustainability GWP TAC Background Paper , p. Hagemann, N. Lessons learned from research on integrated water resources management. Resources Hoff, H. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. Ardakanian Cham: Springer. IRENA Jobbins, G. To what end? Drip irrigation and the water—energy—food nexus in Morocco. Water Resour. Lafferty, W. Environmental Policy Integration. Towards an Analytical Framework. Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo.

Leck, H. Tracing the water-energy-food nexus: description, theory and practice. Compass 9, — Liu, J. Nexus approaches to global sustainable development. Challenges in operationalizing the water—energy—food nexus. Mansour, L. GIZ Report. Mohtar, R. Water-energy-food nexus framework for facilitating multi-stakeholder dialogue,Water Int. Nair, S. Nassar, L. Irrigated agriculture and environmental sustainability: an alignment perspective.

Policy , 23 57— Pardoe, J. Climate change and the water-energy-food nexus: insights from policy and practice in Tanzania. Climate Policy 18, — Rasul, G. Managing the food, water, and energy nexus for achieving the sustainable development goals in South Asia.

The nexus approach to water-energy-food security: an option for adaptation to climate change. Climate Policy 16, — Sadiki, M. Scharpf, F. Scott, A. Making governance work for water—energy—food nexus approaches. Working Paper. Sullivan, P. Waha, K.

Regional Environmental Change. Waterbury, J. Al-Saidi and Elagib suggest that a governance focus is a missing ingredient in the nexus debate. Governance of the WEF nexus includes a wide range of private and public systems that manage the supply and demand of water, energy and food Pahl-Wostl, Providing access to improved water sources, sanitation facilities and electrification is viewed by most citizens as a barometer of good governance and is reflected in both the Millenium Development Goals MDGs and SDGs.

In a WEF nexus assessment of the Mekong basin it was determined that a significant growth in the capacity and supply of power through hydropower developments could, amongst other impacts, reduce fish stocks and fish diversity, as well as the availability of water to downstream users Smajgl et al.

A policy of managing energy demand, as opposed to a focus on energy supply and capacity alone, could reduce the negative impacts of hydropower on food and water security within this large river basin. This policy intervention recommendation would probably not have been arrived at if a single-sector energy assessment, as opposed to a WEF nexus assessment, was undertaken.

Rasul and Sharma state that the nexus framework and climate change adaptation share aims and principles. Rasul suggests that one mechanism for enabling a policy framework for managing nexus challenges is to strengthen the role of the national planning commissions in the countries being assessed.

This is necessary even in developed countries. Sharmina et al. Schreiner and Baleta in turn report that the nexus philosophy is becoming an important component of development planning, with synergies existing across international boundaries within a region. Ololade et al. Individual countries will need to develop their own WEF nexus governance structures before they can engage in international endeavours in this regard.

In terms of the spatial extent of nexus governance, Artioli et al. Another aspect associated with WEF nexus governance is waste. Machell et al. Scanlon et al. An example of waste reclamation, presented by Walker et al. This practice would reduce waste, provide revenue that will contribute to water treatment costs, and provide a key resource for use within the agricultural sector. Pandey and Shrestha conclude that the WEF security nexus is widely accepted in international development circles.

Dawoud, emphasise that the challenge is how to implement a WEF nexus framework where the risks, challenges and opportunities are identified and considered by all relevant stakeholders. It could be said that the SDGs provide a test for the nexus approach Ringler et al.

Boas et al. The WEF nexus has been widely promoted in policy and development circles since This framework has potential strengths. It however also faces challenges if it is to be widely adopted. In terms of possible weaknesses associated with the WEF nexus, a concern identified in the literature is that livelihoods and the environment are often omitted from these assessments.

WEF nexus studies have, to date, to a large degree focused on global macro-scale resource security. This was not the intention when the concept was first promoted. It must simultaneously acknowledge and protect the environment as the irreplaceable foundation of the nexus.

A multi-centric approach will add complexity, especially when interconnections, trade-offs and drivers are incorporated into the assessment. The availability of complete, relevant data also poses a challenge to the practical implementation of the WEF nexus. The WEF nexus is a relatively new and developing framework. While the nexus concept is not novel, novelty is not a prerequisite for relevance.

If the multi-centric WEF nexus approach provides a better means of addressing the complex development and security challenges that the global community is facing than existing frameworks such as IWRM, then its potential adoption should be explored further.

The WEF nexus framework is considered by many authors in both academic and grey literature as holding promise for guiding policy development and governance structures in a world that is facing climate change, population growth, and inequality in terms of access to resources. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Abdullaev, I. Setting up the agenda for water reforms in Central Asia: does the nexus approach help? Earth Sci. Allouche, J. Water Altern. Google Scholar. Al-Saidi, M. Towards understanding the integrative approach of the water, energy and food nexus. Total Environ. Artioli, F. The water-energy-food nexus: An integration agenda and implications for urban governance. Bazilian, M. Considering the energy, water and food nexus: towards an integrated modelling approach.

Energy Policy 39, — Belinskij, A. Water-energy-food nexus within the framework of international water law. Water 7, — Benson, D. Abdul Salam, S. Shrestha, V. Prasad Pandey, and A. BFAP Pretoria: Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy. Biggs, E. Sustainable development and the water—energy—food nexus: a perspective on livelihoods. Policy 54, — Boas, I. Cross-sectoral strategies in global sustainability governance: towards a nexus approach.

Agreements-Politics Law Econ. Bogardi, J. Water security for a planet under pressure: interconnected challenges of a changing world call for sustainable solutions. Boulding, K. Brundtland, G. Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. PubMed Abstract. Cai, X. Understanding and managing the food-energy-water nexus — opportunities for water resources research.

Water Resour. Cairns, R. Policy 64, — Daher, B. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Dawoud, M. The nexus: reconsidering environmental security and adaptive capacity. De Laurentiis, V. Sustainability Rethinking water governance: moving beyond water-centric perspectives in a connected and changing world. FAO Gain, A. The water—energy—food WEF security nexus: the policy perspective of Bangladesh.

Water Int. Gallagher, L. The critical role of risk in setting directions for water, food and energy policy and research. Garcia, D. The water-energy-food nexus and process systems engineering: a new focus. Computers Chem. Grafton, R. Responding to global challenges in food, energy, environment and water: risks and options assessment for decision-making. Asia Pacific Policy Stud. Overall I think this is one of the most durable hardware ever.

It's a really fast and HD tablet. It's my 3rd android tablet and the quickest and best. Would totally recommend it.

I replaced my IPad with this and no regrets. I'm testing it using BaseMark X, will share results. I tested on Medium i don't think that matters , score was on BaseMark X I closed all programs and disconnected the internet before starting the test. This unofficial upgrade eliminated the lag from 5. Anonymous, 07 Jul Why won't the battery charge?!?! It was working well for a year.

Read in comments below the b If you shop, you can find a very reasonable price. Google: "Nexus 7 replacement battery suppliers". Since you apparently haven't done this before, I suggest you buy one of the "replacement kits" with the tools included.

You will find especially helpful the plastic "prying tools" which enable you to separate the front and rear case halves without breaking the rear one. Consult YouTube vids for step-by-step how-to instructions. Most are very good. This is useful to the battery charging circuitry in determining the fastest rate to charge the battery without damaging it.