When was osiris born what year

However, later on, Osiris is both human and god. He is considered one of the pharaohs of the "predynastic" period of Egyptian religion when the Ennead created the world. He ruled as pharaoh after his father Geb, and he is considered the "good king," in opposition to his brother Seth. Greek writers later claimed Osiris and his consort, the goddess Isis, as the founders of human civilization, who taught agriculture and crafts to humans.

Osiris is the ruler of the Egyptian underworld, a god who protects the dead and is connected with the constellation of Orion. While a pharaoh is seated on the throne of Egypt, he or she is considered a form of Horus, but when the ruler dies, she or he becomes a form of Osiris "Osiride".

The primary legend of Osiris is how he died and became the god of the Underworld. The legend changed a bit throughout the 3, years of Egyptian dynastic religion, and there are more or less two versions of how that happened. In all versions, Osiris is said to have been assassinated by his brother Seth. The ancient story says that Osiris is attacked by Seth in a remote location, trampled and cast down in the land of Gahesty, and he falls on the side of the riverbank near Abydos.

In some versions, Seth takes the form of a dangerous animal to do that—crocodile, bull, or wild ass. Another says Seth drowns Osiris in the Nile, an event that occurs during the "night of the great storm.

Osiris' sister and consort, Isis, hear a "terrible lament" when Osiris dies, and go searching for his body, eventually finding it. Thoth and Horus conduct an embalming ritual at Abydos, and Osiris becomes the king of the underworld. The story the Greek writers told is more elaborate, but likely at least a version of what the Egyptians believed during the Ptolemaic period. In the Greek version, Osiris' death is a public assassination by Seth called Typhon.

Seth builds a beautiful chest made to fit his brother's body perfectly. He then displays it at a feast and promises to give the chest to anyone who fits into the box. Typhon's followers try it, but none fit—but when Osiris climbs into the box, the conspirators bolt the lid and seal it with molten lead. They then throw the chest into a branch of the Nile, where it floats until it reaches the Mediterranean. Because of her devotion to Osiris, Isis goes in search of the chest and finds it at Byblos Syria , where it had grown into a marvelous tree.

The king of Byblos had the tree cut down and carved into a pillar for his palace. Isis recovers the pillar from the king and takes it to the Delta, but Typhon finds it. The doctrine of the eucharist ultimately has its roots in prehistoric cannibalism, whose practitioners understood that virtues and powers of the eaten can be thus absorbed by the eater.

This phenomenon has been described throughout the world. It shows that the original ideology of Egypt commingled with Osirian concepts. Although ultimately given a high place in heaven by order of Osiris, Unas is at first an enemy of the gods and his ancestors, who he hunts, lassoes, kills, cooks, and eats so that their powers may become his own.

This was written at a time when the eating of parents and gods was a laudable ceremony, and this emphasizes how hard it must have been to stamp out the older order of cannibalism. He eats their words of power, he swallows their spirits…. He eats the wisdom of every god, his period of life is eternity…. Their soul is in his body, their spirits are within him.

Although crude, this was a core concept, the conviction that one could receive immortality by eating the flesh and blood of a god who had died became a dominating obsession in the ancient world. Although the cult of Osiris forbade cannibalism, it did not outlaw dismemberment and eating of enemies, and practiced the ritual rending and eating of the sacred bull, symbolizing Osiris.

Although this sacramental concept only originated once in history, it spread throughout the Mediterranean area and became the dynamic force in every mystery cult. It was only by this sacerdotal means that the corruptible deceased could be clothed in incorruption and this idea appears again and again in infinite variety. Thou shalt not die. Osiris-Dionysus By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris especially the myth of his resurrection , resulting in a new mystery religion.

Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of fundamental truth, rather than the exact details of the acknowledged myths on which their teachings were superimposed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now syncretisms with Osiris.

These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus. Serapis Eventually, in Egypt, the Hellenic pharaohs decided to produce a deity that would be acceptable to both the local Egyptian population, and the influx of Hellenic visitors, to bring the two groups together, rather than allow a source of rebellion to grow. Thus Osiris was identified explicitly with Apis, really an aspect of Ptah, who had already been identified as Osiris by this point, and a syncretism of the two was created, known as Serapis , and depicted as a standard Greek god.

The Theodosian decree in about AD to destroy all pagan temples and force worshippers to accept Christianity was ignored there. However, Justinian dispatched a General Narses to Philae, who destroyed the Osirian temples and sanctuaries, threw the priests into prison, and carted the sacred images off to Constantinople.

However, by that time, the soteriology of Osiris had assumed various forms which had long spread far and wide in the ancient world. Osiris in popular culture Albert Pike the grand commander of Freemasonry worshipped Osiris and he proudly made that known in his book, Morals and Dogma.

Osiris is a deity used more than once in the hit television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer. In the show, Osiris is described as the "keeper of the gate, master of all fate" and is used in resurrection rituals. He is also unique as he is seen in one episode, communicating with Willow Rosenberg as she tries to resurrect her dead lover, Tara Maclay; although names of deities are often given in spells on the show, most of the time the deity is not seen.

Duel Monsters. In the Animatrix , the Osiris is the name of the ship that is sacrificed to make sure Zion gets the information that the machines are coming. In the television series Stargate SG-1 , Osiris and other gods are represented as evil aliens pretending to be gods, whereas in Egyptian culture, most of them were told to be good and beneficial, in some way, to life. Osiris is unique among the villains in that he has a male personality, but a female host body.

As the one part of Osiris unable to be found by Isis was his genitals and because he is the god of the underworld, Lestat believes him to be a vampire god, as vampires are unable to copulate. In Vampire: The Masquerade, Osiris was a powerful vampire, either an antedeluvian or methuselah who fought against the Antedeluvian Set. He was the founder of the vampire bloodline known as the Serpents of the Light. Fans would know this as he would sometimes shout on a song, "I'm the Osirus of this shit!!

For more information, see Osiris band. Indeed, he thought that while removing men from the wild state, while making them adopt a regime of civilised life, he would be made, by the importance of these good deeds, worthy of immortal honours.

And it is indeed what happened" I, 17, [13]. The text of Plutarch is similar: "During his reign, Osiris started by delivering the Egyptians from destitution and savagery, made them understand agriculture, gave them some laws and taught them to honour the gods, then he left by the whole world to bring civilisation, without having, only rarely, to resort to the weapons, almost always achieving the will of his intentions by the charm of his persuasive word and by the resources of song and music" Isis and Osiris , These accounts, touching the invention of agriculture, are confirmed by a great number of Egyptian sources, to start with the personal declaration of Osiris in the Ramesside tale of Horus and Seth : "It is I who created the barley and wheat to make the gods live and, after the gods, the herd of man!

Chester Beatty I, recto 14, We possess here, without doubt, the Egyptian counterpart of the Hellenic concept of civilisation. The secondary theme of the sovereign charming humanity with his melodious voice, a priori , is a surprise.

The commentators saw in the work, justifiably, the interpretatio graeca which tempts to bring back a very exotic Osiris in the lap of the Dionysian tradition.

But for the egyptologist, this music evokes the prosody of royal speeches and official eulogies much more than the one of drinking songs. Because, let's emphasise it, it is about persuasion, and, therefore, about political propaganda. However the motive of speech as a rhetoric weapon brings us back to the Middle Kingdom. To Sesostris I "possessor of charm, great gentleness, who conquered by love", as he is described in the tale of Sinuhe , or to Sesostris III whose "language embraced the Nubians, and whose speeches made the Asians flee" P.

Kahoun , or better yet to this instruction of the future king Merykare, in a fictitious Teaching assigned to his father Khety, Pharaoh of the Xth Dynasty, but whose writing is not prior to the Middle Kingdom: "Become a craftsman of language and you will triumphant, because his language is the king's sword!

Words are worth more than all fighting". The civilising actions led by Osiris on the whole of the known world, moved him away for a long time from his palace and his country. It was incumbent then upon his wife to look after the maintenance of order inside the borders. According to Diodore, the god himself confided the totality of power to Isis I, 17,3 ; Plutarch adds: "During his absence, Typhon Seth abstained from all insurrection, because Isis assured the power with much of vigilance and circumspection " Isis and Osiris , The Ptolemaic temples provide multiple evocations of this royal Isis.

She is "the lady of the people, the royal wife, great of the sky, powerful on land, the mistress of Egypt and the desert" Edfu I, , A text of the temple of Dendara goes as far as assigning her a real Pharaonic titulature: "the feminine Horus Isis the venerable, the Lady of the Two-lands, sovereign of that which surrounds the Disk, with venerable praises, with venerable love, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Isis, of whom the true name is Hatmehyt, the one who protects the ames sceptre, the executor?

II, , [15]. One has the right to wonder if this devolved sovereignty in Isis is not an echo of the eminent political role that several queens of the New Kingdom played. Not to mention, for example, the hymn to Ahhotep, the mother of Ahmosis, founder of the Dynasty, on a stela found in Karnak, where the king invites Egypt to honour his mother, who exercised the reality of power when he was occupied repulsing the Hyksos into Palestine: "Make praise to the mistress of the country, the sovereign of the borders of the Haunebut, whose name is raised in all foreign regions, who governed the population, wife of king, sister of sovereign, sister of king, august mother of king, who knows the affairs of state, who united Egypt, gathered his nobles, united them, brought back his fugitives, regrouped his dissidents, pacified Upper Egypt and pushed back its rebels, the royal wife, Ahhotep!

Like Ahhotep, the historic figures of Ahmes-Nefertary, the divine wife of Amenhotep I, of Tiy, the wife of Amenhotep III, without forgetting Hatshepsut, who of course decided to become Pharaoh, certainly contributed to forge the mythical picture of this sovereign Isis.

But one of the direct prototypes of our queen Isis, as found in the temple of Dendara, seems to be the famous wife of Ramesses II, Nefertari, which an inscription from the Luxor temple describes thus: "The princess, with venerable praises, lady of charm, soft of love, mistress of the South and North, whose arms are gracious when she holds the sistres to pacify her father Amon, with venerable love when she wears the seshed headband, the chantress with the beautiful face, gracious when she wears the two feathers, most venerable of the Palace Harem; one is delighted with that which comes out of her mouth, although she says, it accomplished for her all good things she desires, all her words delight everyone, because everyone lives to hear her voice, the king's venerable wife, his beloved, the wife of the victorious Bull, the lady of the Two-lands, Nefertari, beloved of Mut" [16].

Another source suggests a possible influence of the history of the New Kingdom on the development of the myth of the terrestrial royalty of Isis. A stela from the Louvre museum, already quoted, describes the assignments of the sister and wife of Osiris thus: "His sister assured his protection, she repelled the enemies, who undoes the actions of the troublemakers by the formulas of her utterances, whose words are complete, the infallible speeches, and the final orders" Louvre C , l.

The second part of the text, which makes allusion to the search of the dismembered body and to the childhood of Horus, suggests that this first part doesn't describe the magic protection assured by Isis after her spouse's death, but certainly her function as queen in the absence of the Pharaoh.

To be just, it is necessary announce that a mistake blemishes the exemplary reign of Osiris. Still the god is not actually responsible. According to Plutarch, "Isis learned that Osiris, confusing her with their common sister, had by mistake had a love relationship with this one Nephthys.

A clue informed him of it: the garland of melilot sweet clover which Osiris had left with Nephthys. She Isis put herself in search of the child which had been born of this union, which her mother had rightly exposed after the childbirth, by fear of Typhon Seth, the husband of Nephthys. She discovered him, no without a lot of pain and effort, thanks to dogs who guided her.

She took care to raise him, and he became her bodyguard and her follower, under the name of Anubis. It is said that he watches over the gods as the dogs watch over men" Isis and Osiris , This tradition is confirmed by a magic papyrus preserved to the national Library of Paris: "It is Isis who comes at noon from the mountain in summer, the virgin covered with dust; her eyes are filled with tears, her heart is full of grief; her father Thoth the great comes to her and ask her: 'Why, Isis my daughter, virgin covered with dust, your eyes are they full of tears, and your heart full of grief, and the […] of your soiled dress?

Full of tears! She answered him: 'It isn't my fault, oh my father, oh cunning Thoth, oh sly Thoth. I have been betrayed by my companion. I discovered a secret: yes, Nephthys lay down with Osiris […] my brother, the son of my own mother' " [17]. The manuscript, written in old Coptic, dates from the IVth century of our era, but the substratum of the legend - the sexual intercourse of Osiris with the two sisters - continues up at least to the New Kingdom, judging by an allusion to a quarrel of Isis and Nephthys in the Chapter of the Book of the Dead.

As for the subject of Anubis son of Osiris, is even more ancient [18]. The detail of the garland or rather crown of melilot, reported by Plutarch, deserves that a consideration [19].

This object constitutes for Isis - and for Seth, husband of Nephthys, who will discover it in his turn - a certain proof of the passage of Osiris and, therefore, of his disloyalty. This plant being renowned for growing on the fringe of the desert, Plutarch himself advances a very convincing explanation Isis and Osiris , 38 : likened to the flooding of the Nile, the moods of Osiris fertilise the land of the valley Kemet , symbolised by the body of Isis; in these conditions, any plant emerging out of the cultivated zone betrays, ipso facto , an Osirian irruption in the desert area Desheret which represents Nephthys.

The presence of the Osirian melilot in Sethian territory, thus provides the manifest indication of an extra-conjugal first rate flood. By the same stroke, the form of Isis "which comes at noon from the mountain in summer", in the Coptic magic manuscript, is fully justified: this is in the desert, at the height of the heatwave, in a place and in a time where all vegetation was necessarily suspected, that the unfortunate wife discovered the irrefutable proof of an illegitimate link.

To finish, one should add that a plaited plant crown formed a main part part of the objects linked with love in the literature of the New Kingdom. In a poem, for example, the girl declares to her beloved: "I want to take your plaited crowns when you return inebriated; you will be lying in your chamber, while I will be caressing your feet" P.

Harris , recto 7, [20]. The episode of the involuntary adultery would probably have given rise to tragedy in the Athens of Pericles, and the Viennese psychoanalyst would probably have conceived some "Osirian complex". In Egyptian culture, it is used primarily as mythical reference intended to reinforce the capacity of a magic formula.